The Best Death Ever

The Best Death Ever – Niall Griffiths By Christian Steenfeldt, 3. U Children cannot differentiate between what is fun and what is serious. In the short story â€Å"The Best Death Ever† by Niall Griffiths four boys are playing a game where they have to fake a death. The boy whoever fakes the best death wins the game. The four boys do not understand what they are doing and see the game, The Best Death Ever, as a fun game. Until one moment, when one of the boys misjudges the distance to ground and almost hang himself meanwhile his friends where shooting at him with their toy guns.The story is narrated by a first person narrator who looks back at a specific incidence. The narrator technique is very post modernistic. Niall Griffiths uses a lot of humor which makes the story fun to read. For instance, when the boys are shooting with their toy guns they make these funny noises. Niall Griffiths also uses the boys non existing knowledge about death to make the readers laugh â₠¬Å"– That was rubbish! Yer meant ter die, not just fall over like a fart. Since when have did you see anyone die like that? (Page 94 line 1-2) Niall Griffiths takes a serious subject like death and turns it funny by saying Mick fell like a fart. The slang that is used also makes the atmosphere more relaxed. Niall Griffiths also points out a child’s innocence. â€Å"Soft lad. How can you hurt yerself if yer dead? † (Page 94 line 7) For the children it is simple logic, because why should Mick not be able to fall properly, if he is dead? Irony is also well used. The title of the story is â€Å"The Best Death Ever† and it is the same name as the game the four boys play. The irony occurs because when Gavin tries to make the best death ever, he almost dies trying.Another significant post modernistic is the open ending because it leaves the reader confused. The story is also a fix point of the narrator’s life, where he is very nostalgic. It takes place in the yard of the narrator’s house in Netherley, Liverpool. The setting does not really matter, but as often in post modernistic stories it is in an urban environment. The story is a flashback of roughly 45-60 minutes of his life. The narrator looks back at that special episode of his life and he turns all nostalgic. The boys are strongly inspired by war movies and war stories told by the elderlies.The narrator has received a toy gun from his granddad. He knows a lot about it because of his big interest in war. As almost every other boy, they play games with guns and death involved. The problem is not that the boys play war, but that they cannot differentiate between where the fun stops. In this game Gavin almost killed himself, but it was not on purpose. A problem is, when the mom notices Gavin, she immediately saves him. Then she slaps the narrator. By slapping the narrator she punishes him for something that he does not know is wrong. Related essay: â€Å"Realism and Expressionism in Death of a Salesman†The narrator is angry, because they have to award Gavin the price of the best death. â€Å"I would shock and shake them all with the violence of my going. But we never played the game again. † Because his mother hit him and did not tell him what they did wrong, he does not understand consequences. Therefore he still wants to win the game next time and he wants to put even more violence in than Gavin did. Luckily they never played the game again, because nobody knows what would have happened then. This story is a perfect example to show that taking extra care of your children is highly necessary.If you do not teach your kid what is dangerous and what is not, it will have serious consequences. As in this story, the boys cannot see what they have done wrong and therefore they continue their games. The narrator has no intentions to stop he even wants to surpass the other boys by doing more dangerous stunt s. The parents must teach their children what is wrong and what is not. They shall not slap the children if they do not hurt someone like in the story, but instead tell them what they did wrong because the children cannot differentiate between right and wrong.FOKUSPUNKTER3g – EN LF For at fa mere ud af jeres afleveringer/mine rettelser og kommentarer skal I sammen med n? ste store aflevering aflevere denne seddel hvorpa I anforer hvilke fokuspunkter I har fokuseret pa i denne essayopgave. I skal basere jeres fokuspunkter pa mine kommentarer fra den foregaende store aflevering. Der skal fokuseres pa min. Et punkt (gerne flere) i bade indhold og sprog. INDHOLD: Fra sidste aflevering: 1. Overfortolkning 2. Mere indhold 3. SPROG: Fra sidste aflevering: 1. pr? positioner 2. ingen udeladelse 3.

Defects of Education in India

EDUCATION in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation and story-telling etc . Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC The gurukula system was the ancient system of education. A gurukula is a type of school in India, residential in nature, with shishyas living in proximity to the guru, often within the same house. In a gurukul, shishyas reside together as equals, irrespective of their social standing, learn from the guru and help the guru in his day-to-day life. They did not accept fees ONLY ASMALL GURUDAKSHINA WHICH MAY NOT BE MONETARY. INDIA S ANCIENT GURUKUL SYSTEM IS WORTH EMULATING BY ALL INTERESTED IN IMPARTING EDUCATION. THE GURUKUL SYSTEMBRINGS A SENSE OF RESPECT AND COMMITMENT FROM THE TEACHERS AND THE STUDENTS Nalanda and Takshishila universities were the oldest university-system of education in the world. Indian education suffered a huge blow as Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British empire. the British so cleverly played their cards that even after fifty years of independence we still continue to exist in a state of stupor, unable unwilling to extricate ourselves from one of the greatest hypnoses woven over a whole nation. Indian curriculum is criticized for being based on rote learning. Our present day education system gives no chance to creativity. It is marks , grades and competition all the way . It should inculcate good values in the minds of students. Emphasis should also be given on physical and vocational training. Teaching of ethics should be incorporated in the curriculum right from kindergarden through high school. Children should be allowed to choose their own subjects acc. to their interests. They must be made to interact with each other in groups and express their views on various topics. Instead of taking notes from voluminous books , teachers etc they must be made to get information by themselves and share it with the class. This will help them to develop good analytical skills and reading habits . Children must have practical experience . They can be taken on trips to museums, labs, etc where they can learn by interacting with experienced people. Education is to gain and share knowledge. Sharing without communication is impossible. English should not be banned at the primary level as it remains the global language. Learning hindi, the national language and the state language helps in internal communication. The system of Education in India should focus on learning and not exams. Unfortunately Education has become a lucrative business destroying the real purpose of itself. The bad quality of education in govt schools have given a thrust to the the rise of commercial coaching classes all over India. Students today hardly think of being a teacher due to less perk†¦ many who are hardly passionate about engineering and medicine are studying just for the sake of getting a fat salary and package along with it. Middle class parents pay what is demanded by the coaching classes, this has alarmingly turned out to b an industry in our nation. Statistically 25% of the Indian population is illiterate, only 7% of the population that goes to school manage to graduate and 15% manage to make it to high school. 80% of schools are managed by the Govt. , private schools are expensive and out of reach for the poor Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient in government schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. Conclusion School teachers SHOULD BE PAID high SALARIES and, every care is to be taken that these teachers keep on upgrading. The government should realize that these are the people who shape their future generations. All over India the syllabus must be same, because partiality occurs between students. . Frankly it would be foolhardy to believe that a syllabus consisting a bit of maths bit of science, arts and literature is a foolproof way to educate whole of India. Our present day system of education can be revamped and changes incorporated by getting a group of experienced teachers from various parts of our country. The task is best done by them and not by a bunch of politicians who do not have any training in education. Hope to see the Indian system of education reach its zenith like it did in ancient times!

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence - Research Paper Example In order to determine whether messages related to spanking should be attributed to influencing parents or caretakers to spank their children whenever they engage in any form of wrong doing, the appropriate study would be to survey parents or caretakers and interview them on the frequency with which they receive messages related to spanking, and whether they consider the messages that they receive while disciplining their children. In this case, once the frequency of spanking is identified based on the messages that parents and caretakers receive, it would be possible to determine if the messages attributed to spanking play an essential role in influencing the spanking mechanisms. Secondly, the data was gathered from mothers only despite the fact that there are other caretakers who play the role of disciplining children. Therefore, the paper should have considered the information from all the caretakers in order to provide room for understanding the context of discipline and informati on sharing in a household. In case the information was gathered from other caretakers or even the fathers to the children, they would provide other information related to their perception towards spanking, and the alternative mechanisms that they adopt in case they oppose spanking as a means of disciplining a child (Walsh, 2000). For instance, the way in which a father can discipline a child is not the way a mother can do it. To investigate how fathers perceive the issue of spanking, the questionnaires should contain questions that target fathers based on how they view spanking differently from mothers. Questions should be raised on the different approaches they adopt to discipline their children, and which they perceive to be different from the ones that their mothers adopt. There are also those children who are kept under the care of their grandparents. Because of their age, they would not be able to undertake spanking like the way the parents of the children do it. They might not even consider spanking at all as this would demand a lot of strain from them. Since the time for recall with respect to how often parents spank their children was more than six months, the mothers could have forgotten the frequency with which they spanked their children. As a result, the time for recall should be reduced significantly so that parents could be able to provide appropriate details based on how often they spank their children. The time for recall in this case should be approximately two months since this would provide room for gathering appropriate details and analysis on whether spanking is adopted on a frequent basis to serve as a way of disciplining the children. While gathering data from a population, it is crucial to consider diverse groups since they would provide room for the generalization of the results that are generated. This would create room for the realization of appropriate results as opposed to considering just a single group from a population. The samp le for the study came primarily from white people that were based in Midwestern cities (Walsh, 2000). This made it difficult to generalize the findings from the study. Therefore, in order to ensure that this issue is addressed, the study should have considered people from various

Sustainable relationship Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Sustainable relationship Marketing - Assignment Example It transcends the boundaries between specialist functions and disciplines.† Gummesson (1999:73). Relationship marketing is closely intersected with sustainability – â€Å"a form of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Benn & Martin, 2014:742). Nowadays, the role of RM is recognized by many different organisations, operating in various industries. Increasing number of organisations strive to focus on customer retention, to emphasize customer service, to maintain high contact with customers, and to pursue long-term relationships (Christopher, Payne, and Ballantyne, 1991). Relationship marketing is viewed as a multidimensional discipline, which has many different models applicable to various situations. Five major models discussed in this report are: (1) Relationship Marketing’s Six-Markets Model; (2) Sustainable Marketing Model; (3) Ethical Relationship Marketing Model ; (4) The Morgan-Hunt Model of Relationship Marketing; and (5) Return on Relationship Model. Combined use of these five models enables to understand various aspects of relationship marketing, interrelationship and connection of different elements. A company implementing RM strategy gains increased opportunities for retaining existing customers and build profitable long-term and sustainable relationship. In order to test this hypothesis, there was chosen McDonalds Corporation for further analysis. The research shows that initially McDonalds has made a focus on customer-centric approach early before the concept of relationship marketing has gained wider popularity. However, by 1990s the company has failed to ensure excellent customer service and value-added approach because of quick geographical expansion of its restaurants. However, soon the company has recovered its position on the market by developing comprehensive relationship marketing strategy, focusing on three major markets: customers,

Commercial Transactions (Contracts) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial Transactions (Contracts) - Essay Example Secondly there was no agreement in this case. PepsiCo only gave a humorous advert. John did not get into the advert to proof whether it was true or not. Further, according to this theory, the third party (Jury.) will only determine where the contract arises. In John's case the contract does not arise, as all valid essentials to constitute a contract were not taken into consideration. The court held that there was no valid contract simply because this case was a mere advert which did not consist the requisites of a valid contract like offer and acceptance. There is also no agreement as well as an object to contract for. Advertisements are generally not considered as advertisements. This is because for an offer it must made to a specific person and not public. Therefore advertisements, which are made to the public, in general cannot be an offer. In a reward situation, the offer is made to only one person who performs that task. The task to be performed in reward situation is to be done by one person. For instance if 'A' offers a reward to anyone who will recover his lost property, no one is bound to recover the lost property but 'A' is bound to give the promised reward to any one who mighty recover the property. Thus in Leonard's case, the company was not bound to reward anybody on completion or on fulfilling their requirement.

Unit 1 Discussion 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 1 Discussion 2 - Coursework Example He submitted the proposal to CERN about his plan in 1989 but it was only accepted through repeated efforts in October 1990. Included in the establishment of the WWW are the foundations of the Web still present and being applied today which include HTML or HyperText Markup Language, URI or Uniform Resource Identifier and HTTP or Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Tim Berners-Lee also created the â€Å"WorldWideWeb† which is the first Web page editor/browser and the â€Å"httpd† which is the first Web server (WWWF Website). Ever since the creation of the Web it had continuously and exponential which now created another interface for every human activity. The WWW Foundation Website is the official website for the advocacy of Tim Berners-Lee for a free and open web because he believed that the technology will continuously grow and be optimized in this process. It is an interesting and helpful website due to its advocacy which is important because oftentimes the web surfers and the masses are only focused on having fun and even getting information for work and studies from the Web which is always present for the young generation. It is important to know the importance of the Web, how it came about and how it can maintain operating in full potential. This is the main reason why I like and appreciate this

Policy brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy brief - Essay Example Notably, the affordable care act requires states to establish their independent insurance exchanges. In other words, they want states to default to the federal exchange. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the joint federal state programs were initiated to fund the medical services in the United States. This is a long term project that was initiated to provide care to the moderate income families. Moreover, it is worth noting that Medicaid is among the largest federal funded budgets and it has had a rapidly growing cost, but with unsustainable rates (Rosen, 1988). The huge cost of this program to the federal government’s budget calls substantial overhaul towards reducing the taxpayers from huge funding burden. Nearly all states including Vermont usually receive Medicaid with an open ended funding from the federal government (Kaiser Commission Medicaid, 2012). The expansion of the state budget along with their expanded benefits usually leaves the taxpayers with no option but to pay additional costs. It should be noted that the current funding structure provides a room for overexpansion that in turn provides the states with limited incentive t o control extensive waste and fraud programs. Moreover, program is designed in a top down regulatory structure thereby creating distortions within the health care markets. However, the Medicaid intra governmental grants have proven to be effective and efficient for the funding mechanisms within the United States funding systems. Notably, they have created conditions that match the states’ funding considerably. In essence, the program allows the federal government to share specific expenditures that are attached to the program. These programs attached to the Medicaid services are known as the federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP). The FMAP was initiated for the government to have a larger percentage in the Medicaid costs in states. However, the highly targeted states are those with low

Www.ideo.com and www.kickstarter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Www.ideo.com and www.kickstarter - Essay Example Kickstarter.com has a terrific vision making dreams into realities. Projects, creative ideas and other dream endeavors become reality with the funding that could be provided by kickstarter.com. Looking closely at the reviews for kickstarter.com, the website both has good and negative reviews. For the good reviews, the website was able to materialize projects would not have left the trestle board if it was not funded through kickboard. One of the projects was the Dewey Mac, Kid Detective Book which is a make DIY (do it yourself) and STEM Spy Gadget (Carroll). The idea was to make children experiment from STEM (Science, Technology and Math) experiences to be able to play the game. The participant would be building real working toys such as foxhole radio and glass ear from materials that could be readily found at home. In the process, it strengthens the STEM skills of children while having fun. The kit received various awards which could not have been possible without kickstarter.comâ⠂¬â„¢s help. Another project that materialized through kickstarter.com was the â€Å"Foodie Dice: Play with your food† project (Tumbleweeds). The idea was to inspire cooking combinations from the dice by merely rolling them. It is composed of 5 primary dice and 4 seasonal veggie dice that could produce creative concoctions by merely rolling them. The project receive $86,371 pledges and 2,333 backers (Tumbleweeds). III. Conclusion There are also some negative reviews about kickstarter.com such as non-notification of projects that it dropped that confuses the creators (sitejabber.com). But comparing these operational glitches to the benefit that kickstarter.com does to creative people, it is negligible. People in general are still grateful to the help that kickstarter.com extends to the creative. In sum, kickstarter.com serves as a bridge between people who have great ideas who does not have the resources to materialize it and those people who have resources who would like to h elp creative to materialize their ideas. Part II I. Title: www.ideo.com II. Introduction Ideo.com also deals with creative ideas just like kickstarter.com except that it does not look for fund those ideas into reality but rather help its customers to tap on their latent creativity to realize their creativity. Ideo is a design and innovation consultancy company founded in Palo Alto, California in 1991 by David Kelley, a Stanford Professor, Moggridge Associates, Matrix Design and Steelcase. Its current CEO is Tim Brown. It offers its consultancy services to its clients to help them design their products. Among the products connected with Ideo are futuristic PDS, sports watches and media panel (ideo.com). They call it â€Å"creative confidence† or design thinking where people discover their inherent creativity and transform them into a positive force in an organization (ideo.com). Compared to kickstarter.com where they look funding to help creative ideas materialize, ideo.com br ings out the creativity of people by actively engaging with their customers in the design of their products. III. Body Ideo.com can be classified as a cutting edge company in terms of design. Many of the known brands and popular products that we are using right now are in fact designed by the company. Among these companies are Samsung and British Airways. They collaborate with its customers and help them come up with a design and innovation that is consistent with the brand of their customers. IDEO integrate the needs of people, the possibility of technology and the requirement of business success as its approach to industrial design. It helps its customers

Discuss the impact of the fall of oil prices on GDP growth rate and Essay

Discuss the impact of the fall of oil prices on GDP growth rate and fiscal policy in Qatar - Essay Example However, the impact of the falling prices of oil on the GDP growth rate and fiscal policy of Qatar has been minimal due to the conservative budgeting system used in Qatar. Â  The price of oil is one of the critical influencers of the GDP growth rate and Fiscal policy of in many of the oil rich Middle Eastern countries. In Qatar, oil currently accounts for up to 70% of the government revenues. The fall in oil prices in late 2014 was the most significant in the last thirty years. Out of the last major drops in the last three decades, the fall in 1984 was the most similar to the one in 2014. Before the oil drop in 1980’s the 1970’s were coupled with major technological developments which shifted ever reliance on oil as a source of fuel. The drop in price was 61% within six months (Erbil, 2011, p. 12). According to many experts, a fall in oil drop prices is caused by change in demand and supply of the commodity, changes in OPEC objectives, geopolitical concerns in oil producing areas and appreciation in the US dollar. On the other hand, the growth of non oil sector was experienced by 6.3% and is expected to grow to about 7% this year (Berument, 2014, p. 149). The fall in prices has caused contractionary fiscal policy measures. Fiscal break even prices go to a maximum of $184 and a minimum of $50 (Lopez-Murphy & Villafuerte, 2010, p. 20). This pressure has made Qatar to make changes in its fiscal policy. In the last three decades oil prices have not remained constant but the drops in those years have not been as significant as the one in 2014. However there have been other five major drops since 1984 which led to a thirty per cent fall in oil prices. The fall in 2013 coincided with global economic recession, change in OPEC policy and an increase in oil supply. Major oil prices occurred between 1985 and 1986, 1990 and 2001, 1997 and

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example for Free

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay The Epic of Gilgamesh is an adventurous tale of the mighty King Gilgamesh that is so enthralled in making his name written in the stones of history forever. In his many challenges against this goal of his from meaningless slaughter of an appointed guardian to quarrels with the gods, he loses his loving brother, who was seemingly his other half. With the endless amount of grief the king is almost consumed in, his actions become selfish and fearful of death, which sends him on the quest for eternal life. Some interesting points about the reading include how femininity, repetition, and dreams are used to portray some of the oddest ideas. First off, femininity is something used so loosely, the phrase â€Å"like the love of a woman† could be talking about anything from a rock to another man. This aspect of the text can be almost confusing when the reader tries to correlate the previous example to the current. One example would be that Gilgamesh refers to his affection towards his brother as â€Å"like the love of a woman†, and then refers to a meteor in a dream in the same way. With those two things being nowhere near each other in meaning, a raised eyebrow is a common side effect to this confusion. Also, the traits of women such as long hair and how they refer to a harlot as teaching Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s brother, the â€Å"art of a woman†, can be easily misconstrued to either men or women. Repetition is also a strangely used figure in this story. At times, the same sentence can essentially be used for almost an entire page. The purpose for such extensive repetition could be a number of things, like emphasis of a certain action or thought. It could also be to give the reader the same feeling that the character is facing when it comes to walking what seems like forever through a dark forest, repeating the same dreary sentence referring to how dark and endless it seems continually for half of a page can in turn create a longing for sunlight in the reader. Lastly, the dreams in The Epic of Gilgamesh are looked at as almost fortune-tellers. Before Enkidu and Gilgamesh meet, Gilgamesh has a dream involving a meteor that he can’t touch, and everyone in the city of Uruk flocks to, so he consults his mother. She has a very odd interpretation that he will love the meteor like the love of a woman, which is odd in it, especially in that we find out that the meteor actually stands for Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s equal sent from the gods. Another dream is after the two equals fight off the Bull of Heaven, Enkidu has a peculiar dream about the gods talking amongst one another about killing one of the two. Since the person who dreams a dream in this story can never interpret it, Gilgamesh now interprets the dream, and once they both understand, Enkidu dies for Gilgamesh to live on. From femininity to dreams to seemingly unnecessary repetition, the uses of figurative and confusing language in The Epic of Gilgamesh are very strange in how any way of thinking about them could be right. It seems that nobody will ever know exactly what everything in it means.

Solar Radiation Climate

Solar Radiation Climate Incoming solar radiation is a key component of the Earths Climatology. From maintaining the Earths climate, living forms are able to survive as Hulstrom (1989, p.1) points out solar radiation is a key principle for sustaining life and as a renewable source of energy it can prevent exploitation of the non-renewable sources e.g. oil. Depending on the landscape, solar radiation can create varies microclimates as explained by Chen, Saunders, Crow, Naiman, Brosofske, Mroz, Brookshire, and Franklin (1999, p.288) where a canopy of vegetation will absorb the short-wave radiation, increasing the sensitivity of the ground surface temperatures below. Chen, Hall and Liou (2006, p.1) state it is the spatial and temporal elements of incoming surface solar radiation that can determine many landscape scale processes. An area of interest where incoming radiation can create or trigger several processes and climates is mountainous terrain. Even though the total surface area of mountain systems around the world is a very small percentage of the total Earth surface, they can still create an input to the climate system experienced globally. The intensity of solar radiation reached at the surface plays a vital role in mountain climates. It is variations in elevation, slope, aspect, and shadowing that can affect the amount of radiation received at the surface (Dubayah, 1994, p.627, White, Mottershead Harrison, 1994, p. 207, and Chen et al., 2006, p. 1). This study will focus on incoming radiation and analyse the extent to which each of the factors above affect incoming radiation received upon uneven terrain. The focus will be on incoming radiation because, as Duguay points out (1993, p.339) any progress in the determination of surface radiation in mountainous terrain has to begin with incoming shortwave radiation. Another aspect that this study will approach is the extent to which vegetation canopy cover can intercept radiation before reaching the Earths surface. A study created by Mariscal, Orgaz, and Villaobos (2000, p.183) states the importance of measuring radiation received at the surface for purposes of photosynthesis and proposed 70% (p.184) of solar radiation can be intercepted by canopy cover. This study will be analysing the amount of radiation received beneath a forest canopy to aid the understanding between incoming radiation and vegetation cover. This study is designed to examine the intensity of incoming solar radiation received within Cwm Llysiog valley (51Ëš49N 3Ëš25W), located in the Brecon Beacons in South- East Wales. A Coniferous tree forest, located at the Southern end of the valley provides a canopy of vegetation to record radiation measurements beneath. The northern part of the valley is mostly grasslands and shrubs, providing a transect to measure radiation without vegetation inception. Across Britain in the 1970s Harding (1979,p.161) discovered there was very few actual observations of radiation reached on the surface across the uplands due to there be a lack of â€Å"robust automatic instruments, capable of withstanding the extremes of an upland environment†. A problem that was crossed in this study was the availability of automatic instruments for recording solar radiation, disallowing me to achieve the quantity of radiation data required. Literature Review Radiation Radiation is the main input to the black-box closed- system, planet Earth, received from the Sun, in the form of electromagnetic radiation waves ranging from 0.25-3.5 micrometres (Oke, 1987, p.8-9). These waves travel towards the Earth away from the source, at a speed of 299,800kilometers/second (Strobel, 2001). There is a large distance between the Sun and the Earth, resulting in only 0.002% of the total radiation secreted from the Sun is an input to the Earths system. The ozone is an important component for protecting the Earths atmosphere from captivating harmful amounts of solar radiation, by absorbing the majority of the radiation around wavelengths of 300mm. Each different wavelength is absorbed at different points of the Earths atmosphere. Shorter wavelength UV radiation and solar energetic particles are deposited mainly above the troposphere, where gases such as O2 (Oxygen) act as an absorber of the UV radiation (Lean Rind, 1998, p. 3072). Visible light is what can be seen b y the eye and is centred on wavelengths of about 0.5 µm (McIlveen, 1998, p.244). Acra et al. (1990), researched into how atmospheric interventions can cause this change in wavelength and how different colours can relate to the wavelength Blue skies are present when the degree of scattering is sufficiently high within the blue region of the spectrum (McVeigh, 1977, cited by Acra et al., 1990). The intensity of radiation reaching the Earth surface as a single value is 1353W/m5 and continues to be relatively constant (Rich, Hetrick Saving, 1995, p.3). Nunez (1980, p. 173) expresses the need for reliable knowledge of solar and terrestrial radiation at the Earths surface and looks into approaches that concentrate on the radiation fluxes over a unit of horizontal area, and some index of atmospheric turbidity to derive a climatic radiation model. It is analysed that in most of these cases the radiation fluxes at ground level are assumed to be non-related to the properties of the receiving surface. It would only be the reflected and outgoing terrestrial radiation that the surface would initiate changes (Nunez, 1980, p.173.). The surface properties aspect and gradient will be measured to analyse whether Nunez (1980) has the right idea. The receiving of energy emitted by the Sun, at the Earth surface is controlled by three sets of factors. Spatial and temporal variation in insolation at specific sites is predictable from basic geometric principles, and can cause variation in climatic conditions across local topography. Insolation is commonly expressed as the average irradiance and is a function of latitude, day of year, time of day, slope and aspect of the receiving surface, and horizon obstruction (Rich, Hetrick Saving, 1995, p.1). At different times throughout the day the Suns height appears to change, and is at its highest in around noon. At this point the sun rays have the least distance to travel through the atmosphere and UVB are at their highest. In the early morning and late afternoon the Suns rays pass through the atmosphere at an angle resulting in a reduction in intensity. The second is the scattering and absorption of incoming radiation within the atmosphere, through gases, aerosols and cloud particles. This results in three forms of incoming radiation received on inclined surfaces, including: direct (beam) radiation, which is the part of solar radiation that is not absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere and has a direct path from the sun to the surface (Allen, Trezza Tasumi, 2006, p.55). This study will be focusing on the factors influencing radiation once its nearer to the surface. Mathematical models have been used to estimate solar radiation. Alam, Saha, Chowdhury, Saifuzzaman and Rahman (2005) present a mathematical model to simulate the availability of solar radiation in Bangladesh using system dynamics methodology. describes the formulation of the mathematical model used for the study. It takes into account slope angles, atmospheric absorption and scattering by diffused radiation, and the amount of extraterrestrial radiation that would be received. One problem with these models is that the outcomes are only predictions of radiation intensity. Surface based measurements avoid estimations from modelling on radiation, but are more labour intensive. Holst, Rost and Mayer (2005) used both surface based measurements and empirical modelling, because it was recognised that modelling did not reach a standard of accuracy on its own. For this study field based measurements were carried out over the period of two days to measure the intensity of radiation received at the surface. Mountain Climates Observations made in mountains are very important for the understanding of solar radiation and solar constant. Data collection on mountains and their climates over many years has been seen to be quite problematic. The areas tend to be remote from major centres of human activity, have limited physical access, difficult to install and maintain weather stations, and can experience extreme climates. Recent studies have used satellite remote sensing and digital terrain data for analysing mountain climates (Duguay, 1994, Haefner, Seidel, Ehrler, 1997, Dubayah, 1994). Digital and satellite imagery has confirmed many climatic conditions that have emerged over thousands of years from the analysis of synoptic data, and has increased the understanding of cloud cover influencing radiation at the surface. Geographical controls that vary the intensity of solar radiation reaching the surface are Latitude and Altitude. Barry (1992, p.18) explains that latitude has a great influence on mountain climates with solar radiation and temperature decreasing with increasing latitudes. The Ozone becomes increasingly rich with altitude resulting in the mid and higher altitude regions reaching less radiation because the sun is lower in the sky and therefore the rays must travel a greater distance through the Ozone. This gives reason to why Holland and Steyn (1975, p.181) discovered aspect as being an important parameter in the mid- latitudes. Barry (1992, p. 77) also pronounces slope effects changes with latitude. Around latitudes of 40 ºN in the northern hemisphere, north facing slopes receive a greater duration of direct radiation throughout the day compared to south facing slopes (Barry, 1992, p.77). The Brecon Beacons is 51ËšN so the duration of direct radiation will be shorter on the north facing slope, but the differences between intensities on each slope will be compared for the duration of the day. Cloud cover is recognised as being a limiting parameter of incoming radiation (Arking Childs, 1984, Rieland Stuhlmann, 1992) and a main contributor to diffuse radiation. This research believes cloud cover plays a vital role in scattering and preventing direct solar radiation reaching the Earths surface. Rumney (1968, p. 89) exemplifies the fact that the amount of radiation and sunshine from one year to another would be the same were it not for variable amounts of cloud cover. Cloud cover is thought to cause â€Å"back scattering, and can reduce the solar power reaching the underlying surface by as much as 90%,† (McIlveen, 1998, p.244). Fritz (1951, cited by Garnier Ohmura, 1968, p.798) noted that cloudless skies are appropriate in climate studies to limit the atmospheric tranmissivity influence on incoming radiation. Spatial characteristics of mountainous terrain such as orientation, angle, vegetation cover and shadowing from neighbouring slopes have been the subject of many observational and analytical studies, Duguay (1993) by modelling downward fluxes (pp.341- 347), Churchill (1982) with aspect influence on hill slope process, Holland and Steyn (1975), vegetation response to angle and aspect, and Wendler and Ishikawa (1974) with the effects on slope and exposure on solar radiation. Figure 3 illustrates the three sources of illumination that can occur on slopes. Variability in slope angle can lead to strong local gradients in solar radiation (Ralph, 1994, p.627 Kumar, Skidmore, Knowles, 1997, 467). Holland and Steyn (1975, p.181) found that the differences in incident solar radiation in mountainous areas of different slopes and aspects were maximum in the mid-latitudes and the least in equatorial and polar regions. The mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere are closer to the Sun in July (su mmer solstice) resulting in greater amount of radiation received on slopes north facing slopes receive more radiation in early hours (0600hrs) of the day and later hours in the evening (1800hrs) compared to the south facing slopes. The southern facing slopes, of an angle greater than 55 º receives a greater intensity of radiation at midday, where the north facing slopes are not illuminated, as displayed in figure 4. Barry (1992, p. 76) acknowledges the fact that â€Å"South- facing slopes at the equinoxes show a symmetrical diurnal pattern,† from the time the sun rises in the east, limiting the intensity shining on south facing slopes with increasing steepness in the early hours of the day. By comparing the north west and south east facing slopes through the duration of a day, I will be able to analyse whether the patterns found within research have correlated with my own findings. It shows the steep south facing slopes reach a greater amount of radiation compared to average south facing slopes, but it is clear the greatest difference between aspects is when the sun is either highest in June, or lowest in December in the sky (Ralph, 1994, p.633). Surface temperature is a useful parameter to estimate the amount of radiation received on varying slope aspects. Safanda (1999, p.367) expresses that the north facing slopes in the middle latitudes in the northern hemisphere are a few  ºC colder at similar elevations as on South-facing slope surfaces. Reason for this is that less solar radiation falls on a unit area of the slope surface (Safanda, 1999, p.367). By recording near surface temperatures for the two valley transects, it will allow me to correlate the differences between two aspects by comparing temperatures at the same elevation. Shadowing from neighbouring slopes or valleys is thought to be a â€Å"spatio-temporal function† because it depends on both topography and solar geometry (Ranzi Rosso, 1995, p.464). Shadowing, introduced by Ranzi and Rosso (1995, p. 468) for a catchment basin that has shadowing occurring across the surface from projected horizons within the catchment area, is ‘Self Shadowing. This should only occur in a valley with east and west facing slopes as the sun will rise in the east projecting a shadow onto the east facing slope if elevation is great enough. By knowing the different slope angles and orientations of the Cwm Llysiog valley, the effect of exposure and shadowing can be assessed. The McCall Glacier (Alaska) was studied (Wendler Ishikawa, 1974) for the effect of slope, exposure and mountain screening on solar radiation and discovered that the screening effect of mountains was much more important than the northerly exposure reducing radiation reaching the glacier. It is not only slope shadowing that could limit the intensity of radiation received at the surface in the Cwm Llysiog valley, vegetation cover will also reflect radiation. Cannell, Milne, Sheppard, and Unsworth (1987), and Bartelink (1998) explain with increasing canopy cover, radiation interception is increased resulting in a decrease of radiation at the surface (Jordan, 1969, p.663). Vegetation cover is thought to be the greatest limiting factor in the Vegetated valley and will be compared to the non- vegetated valley radiation readings to verify this prediction. 2. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate how the variability in slope, aspect and shadowing comprise to create a changing affect on the gradients of incoming radiation in forested and non- forested valleys. This will be assessed by comparing north and south facing slopes within a South Wales valley with forested and non-forested slopes in the summer with cloudless skies. Below is each Hypothesis set before measurements were taken and research that backups the reasoning for the hypothesis. Hypothesis A: The vegetated slopes will decrease the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface compared to the non- vegetated slopes. This will reflect in the surface temperature, with an increase in solar radiation resulting in an increase in temperature. Safanda (1999, p.367) concluded that north facing slopes achieve a low temperature then south facing slopes. Bartelink (1998) is one of many that has proven vegetation cover will decrease the intensity of radiation received at the surface. Hypothesis B: The intensity of solar radiation will be greater on the south east facing slopes compared to the total solar radiation received on the north west facing slopes. The orientation of slope faces will be the most influential factor on incoming solar radiation. White et al. (1994, p.207) describes the azimuth (orientation of the surface) as being the most influential component in the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface. It is stated that a southerly facing aspect will receive a greater intensity of radiation at the surface compared to a northerly aspect, which might not receive any at all. On the other hand Whiteman, Allwine, Fritschen, Orgill, and Simpson (1988) compared radiation components from five stations situated in a single valley during September of 1984 and concluded that slope faces have distinctly different diurnal courses of radiation. Slopes facing north east, experience downward solar fluxes directly after the slope is illuminated during sunrise but the fluxes become weaker during the afternoon as a result sunset. In contrast the south west facing slopes, has weaker direct radiation in the morning but attains a strong peak in the early afternoon. This view is slightly different to Whites et al. theory on aspect. Hypothesis C: Slope angle will have a less influential impact on radiation intensity compared to slope aspect. It is thought with an increase in gradients the intensity of solar radiation will decrease and become less direct. White et al. (1994, p.208) explains that these two factors (aspect and gradient) combined have a greater effect on the amount of direct radiation on north facing slopes in the northern hemisphere. It is made clear, with increasing slope angles, there is a decrease in solar intensity directed at the north facing aspect. Dubayah (1994, p. 634) displays a time series of monthly incoming solar radiation for different slope terrains within the Rio Grande River Basin. The study shows steep south facing slopes receive around 140W/m2 more radiation than a steep north-facing slope in July. The differences displayed in these findings are thought to be due to slope gradient. Hypothesis D: Within the forested valley, the vegetation cover will cause a great deal of shadowing on the surface decreasing solar radiation received at the surface. The greatest shadowing in the non- vegetated valley will occur in the lower sites, near the valley floor where the surrounding horizons are at a higher elevation, decreasing the sky view factor. Ranzi and Rossos (1995, p.464) study in a drainage basin realised that shadowing occurs at low altitudes, as the â€Å"direct radiation is less important in relation to the other radiative fluxes, i.e. diffuse irradiance from the sky and direct and diffused irradiance reflected from nearby terrain†. This means any horizon at a higher elevation then the site being studied will reduce the intensity of solar radiation received at the particular site. White et al. (1989, p.419) agrees with Ranzi and Rosso views where changes in orientation or positioning on a slope, affects the view of surrounding topography, thus affecting receipt of reflected radiation. Jordan (1969, p. 663) explains The greater the vegetation cover the greater the greater the difference in radiation above and below the canopy. Null Hypothesis: There will be no correlation between radiation received at the surface on the vegetated and non- vegetated slopes. Factor such as slope orientation, slope angle and shadowing will not influence the amount of radiation reached at the surface. Elevation The relationship between direct radiation and surface elevation is complex and depends on the atmospheric conditions such as cloud cover. With an increase in surface elevation an increase in direct solar radiation will occur, because the solar path through the atmosphere is shortened. This only tends to occur under cloudless skies. Batlles, Bosch, Tovar-Pescador, Martinez-Durban, Ortega and Miralles (2008, p.341) studied atmospheric parameters to estimate radiation in areas of complex topography and came to the conclusion that only the global radiation changes with increase of 1000m in elevation. It was thought that in the current microclimate being studied, elevation variations are less significant than other topographic variables, such as shadowing affects. Measurements recorded in the field for this study only reached 40m up the slope, meaning the effect of elevation on radiation would be very little. Due to these findings elevation will not be included in this study as a control. Objectives The main objective is to examine any correlation between slope aspect, slope angle, shadowing and vegetation cover and to analyse the influence they might have on the intensity of incoming solar radiation reaching the surface. To assess these factors affecting incoming radiation on sloping terrain, this study will test the hypotheses determined by studying the previous research. The hypotheses will be tested by recording a set of incoming solar radiation readings along a transect across a valley over the period of a day. It was difficult to locate a valley with north and south facing slopes in Wales. The Cwm Llysiog presents north west and south east aspects. The increase in elevation will be measured to display differences in radiation at the base of the valley and the valley slopes. The gradient is also important to analyse the correlation between slopes and radiation. A set of temperature results at the nine sites along the transect will determine if there is a link between solar radiation intensity and near surface temperatures. Another main objective is to provide readings for all the above, on a slope covered by a forest canopy, creating a shadowing affect. Exposure readings for all sites will be recorded to assess the extent of shadowing from near surfaces and objects.

Take What You Get :: Personal Narrative Baseball Friendships Papers

Take What You Get I hated both my last day of school in Hopkinton and my first day of school in Sherborn. My mother drove me to my new school in our brand new white Volvo station wagon. The ride from our house to the school seemed much shorter than it actually was. Looking back on it, anytime I’ve unwillingly traveled somewhere, the car ride seemed extremely short. I remember the station wagon climbing the long, winding hill that led to Pine Hill Elementary school. As I watched the trees and fields pass, I imagined that the car hadn’t gone by them. In my mind, I was still back in my new trundle bed at home. My mom knew I was on the verge of tears, and she was constantly moving her hand back and forth between the car’s stick shift and my knee. "All the kids are going to love you," she said, patting my leg. "Mrs. Smith is so excited to have you in her class." I couldn’t even muster a response. I pictured Mrs. Smith forcing me to stand up in front of the class, asking me to tell the kids my name and what I liked to do. Then I saw the kids laughing when I broke down in tears, unable to give them an answer, or merely mumble a few words about myself. I couldn’t even respond to my own mother. "Honey, it’s ok to be nervous. Remember that I’ll pick you at 3:15. You don’t have to take the bus this afternoon." She parked the car and held my hand as we walked up the steps to the school’s entrance. I was wearing blue shorts, a bad choice because they were too short and revealed my pale, chubby legs. The walk with the principal and my mother down the long, empty corridors was what finally did it for me. I had been trying my hardest to hold back the tears, forcing myself to think of the end of the day, when my mother would be waiting for me. But the classroom was getting too close. I could sense it by the way the principal slowed his pace and drifted to the right side of the corridor. I felt the tears under my eyes, but I didn’t care enough to wipe them away with my arm. "Welcome to Pine Hill," Mrs. Smith said.

The Future of Technology in Cars Essay -- Automotive Technology Resear

The Future of Technology in Cars â€Å"Need to check traffic conditions? Or your email? You can visit the Internet from the driver’s seat of your car. Lost? Onstar will guide you to your destination. Tired? Hungry ? OnStar’s concierge service will handle hotel and restaurant reservations. Stranded? OnStar will contact the nearest tow truck service and send help to any location. Important phone call to make? Just call out the number and you’re connected, all at your fingertips twenty-four hours a day, three hundred and sixty-five days a year.† These are just a few of the many advantages of having OnStar in your automobile. General Motors first introduced OnStar in the Northstar Cadillac’s in 1996, and now it is available to most cars. â€Å"OnStar is based on cellular telephone and global positioning system (GPS) technologies, and, although it has na vigation capabilities, it is far more than an onboard navigation system.† This means it is like a personal valet, but only a phone call away. OnStar has a protected security also, as you press the OnStar button the human operator on the other end asks for your personal password, once this is verified all services are available to you. OnStar provides human operators, all the time, not computers to help you. Once your password is verified the caller’s identification and location appears on the operator’s screen. Depending on your question the operator has a list of restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and basically anything in the area that you are calling from. OnStar is more than just a navigation system; because of the computer-activated system the OnStar operator can remotely unlock your car, or beep the horn. All the owner has to do is call from a payphone or cel... ...01). Telematics at a Glance. Retrieved September 25, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.findarticles.com/m3012/11_179/58038337/pl/article.jhtml Thorton, Emily. (2001). Digital Wheels: International Edition. Retrieved November 5, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_15/b3676012.htm?scriptFram USA Today (2000). Wired Cars Coming Of Age. Retrieved September 24, 2001 from The World Wide Web: http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/review/crh383.htm The Ultimate Vehicle Security System. (2001). Retrieved September 18, 2001 from the World Wide Wed: http://www.powerlock.com/plfront.htm U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1999). Air Bags and On-Off Switches. Retrieved on September 25, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/airbags/brochure.com

Vagrancy in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England :: British History 16th 17th

Vagrancy in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England Throughout the work An Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone, there is a common occurrence of imprisonment. Wherever Blaugdone traveled, she seemed to come across some confrontation with the law. This should not be surprising, for in the time period when this work was written many laws, statutes, and acts had been established to thwart the spreading of unpopular Quaker views. Many acts were established primarily to prevent the ministry of Quakerism; however universal laws, especially those to prevent vagrancy, were also used against traveling Quakers. Vagrancy had always been a concern in sixteenth century England, resulting in the passing of four anti-vagrancy bills in 1547 alone. This resulted in legislation so harsh that a person charged with vagrancy could be sentenced to two years enslavement, which could be extended to life enslavement if they tried to escape. When these bills did not seem to prevent the occurrence of beggars on the street, the Vagrancy and Poor Relief Act of 1572 was instated. This act called for a â€Å"three strikes and you are out† policy, where on a person’s third vagrancy offense they could be rightfully put to death (Woodbridge 272). This legislation was the policy for over twenty years until it was repealed in 1593 for being too strict. In 1597, the new Vagrancy Act authorized the government to banish anyone caught offending the vagrancy laws. After a 1598 statute reestablished slavery as the proper punishment for vagrancy, there were a number of years where periods of l eniency and harshness of punishments alternated. It is important to note the history of these laws since many of them were never entirely repealed. However, it was in the early seventeenth century that a particular legislation finally became the common law that would rule for centuries. In 1601, England passed the Act for the Relief of the Poor, which would be the commanding authority on this issue until 1834. This act established the church as the sole establishment responsible for the care of the poor. If a family was not able to get by, it was the responsibility of the area parish to ensure that the family was taken care of (Woodbridge 272).

Life Span Perspectives Paper

In order to truly understand the life span perspectives we must first define developmental psychology, which is a field that falls under the topic of psychology that is centered on describing how individuals change and grow throughout the stages of their life. This field has also been noted to be one of the more popular fields to be studied. We, as humans, must first grasp the concept that before there can be an outcome there has to be a process or a beginning. We can always trace anything that exists back to a beginning, for people this beginning is birth and the developmental processes that follow are individual pieces of the life processes. Charles Darwin had a longing to understand just what evolution was and exactly how it worked; from this desire he drew the study of lifespan development. Adolescence and norms were first introduced to those in the field of science by way of a G. Stanley Hall publication (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Within this book these scholarly individuals could read about the first observational studies of children. Within this paper you will find the definition of lifespan development, a description of the many characteristics of the lifespan perspective, and the identifying factors of the human developmental domains and periods. Lifespan Development We recognize that within the lifespan there had to be a beginning; we know this because of the work of Charles Darwin. Darwin began the inner workings of human developmental studies and those early evolutionists who shared his opinions were soon to join in his studies. Darwin’s goal was to prove his theory of evolution; it was his belief that his best chance of proving his theory was to engage in intense studies of human development (Boyd & Bee, 2006). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, a lifespan is the average amount of time that an organism, material, or object can be expected to survive or last. If we look for further detail and look for the definition of development, we find that development based on biology is the process of organic growth in an individual organism, we also see that this an be defined as a biological occurrence of events in which an organism changes gradually from a simple to a more complex level (Collins English Dictionary, 2003). When we combine these two individual words we end up with a term that defines the individual changes associated with life progresses that can be tracked in correspondence to the individual’s age. People will change many times over throughout their lifetime; these developme ntal periods are the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In order for one to experience growth developmental change must occur. Life span development will occur over and over, again and again throughout the individual’s life time. Although there are positives and negatives in the developmental process, developmental research and advances will continue to occur throughout an individual’s entire life cycle. Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective All individuals develop on their own schedule and at their own pace, depending on many internal and external factors. Due to improved nutrition and health and medical knowledge a sharp rise in the average life expectancy has recently been observed. The characteristics of the lifespan perspective are lifelong, multidirectional, plasticity, contextual, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional. One’s development continues throughout their lifespan, there is no certain age that appears to be heavier in this area than others. Continued growth paired with decline affects development which can be said to attribute to the multidirectional portion of the lifespan. Many will seem to focus on the plasticity of the human lifespan, one can see this in the example of a child who has been malnourished, this child may suffer from a diminished intellect but given proper nutrition over an extended period of time the child will, indeed, regain much f the lost function and should eventually catch up to the average for his age. There are many outside forces that have a great effect on human development, these forces can be biological, historical, social, and cultural (Berk, 2007). Lifespan Domain Human Development domains all work together and are affected by one another. The categories of the domains of development are social, physical, and cognitive (Boyd & Bee, 2006). The social domain encases the changes that one may find necessary in order to adapt to a new social environment, or situation, this might include developing and maintaining relationships, and improvement upon general social skills. The physical domain can be defined as the way the humans change their physical appearance. A good example of a physical change is when a child enters puberty, and again as the child becomes elderly. Within this domain it is seen that as the physical appearance changes so will the views that the individual possesses in life. Human Development Periods Psychoanalytic, cognitive, and learning are the three theories that have been shown to produce the most information on human development (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Within these theories we can find information that best explains how one transitions from one moment within their life and essentially evolves to the next level. In discussing human development we must recognize the age old debate of nature versus nurture. Within this theory we must ask which, if either, is truly the strongest influence? Does the environment or genetics play the biggest part in this factor? Conclusion There are many answers that are yet to be discovered in the field of psychology in spite of the fact that there have already been so many discoveries. In the beginning there was Darwin and his theory of evolution†¦.. we do not yet know where the end may take us.

Gambling: poker and slot machines Essay

Gambling is a game in which winning is completely or mostly dependent not on the art of play, but on luck. It has long been recognized as an adult pastime but in recent years, however, gambling has increased significantly among adolescents who have grown up in a culture more tolerant to gambling than any previous generation. Movies, TV shows, and more acceptable online betting have helped embed gambling in youth culture. Poker tournaments and lotteries have become social activities at university campuses that best assemble friends and create enormous interest among them. For many people, such gambling activities are harmless, but for others, a simple game of chance may turn into a serious problem or life-impeding addiction. Although many students may feel that they are in control of the situation, unconsciously their behavior is changed, and is in the hands of arbitrary betting. Young and ambitious students are heavily affected by long-term gambling, not realizing its dreadful payoffs. These can result in unexplained absences at home and university. These threaten their academic performance, lead to financial bankruptcy and moreover, have negative impact on overall health. Gambling is one of the oldest avocations of humankind. Due to the cave drawings illustrating gambling and the dice that have been found during archeological excavations, historians believe that gambling existed even in tribal societies. Gambling is also mentioned in the mythology of ancient Greece. According to one of the legends, after defeating the Titans, Zeus and his brothers Poseidon and Hades became masters of the universe. They decided to throw dice in order to divide the universe among them. King Henry VIII, known for his intelligence, was also an avid gambler. In spite of this he banned gambling in his country after he discovered that his soldiers were playing more than practicing. In more recent history, people played to predict the abundant of harvest. On the other hand the attitude towards gambling of the most popular religions is mostly negative. Nowadays gambling is classified as a highly addictive compulsive disorder with neurological causes. People believe that a string of losses makes a win more likely. They believe that a winning hand should always substitute a losing hand. This is what they tend to believe, but their beliefs do not create more chances of winning. The brains of people anticipating a win in casinos appear to react much like those taking euphoria-inducing drugs. Neuroscientists claim that the parts of the brain that respond to the prospects of winning or losing money while gambling are the same as those that appear to respond to cocaine and morphine. Researchers used magnetic resonance imaging to map the brain responses of twelve men while they participated in a game of chance involving winning or losing money. They found that in the gambling experiment, blood flow to the brain changed in ways similar to that seen in other experiments during an infusion of cocaine in subjects addicted to that drug and to low doses of morphine in drug-free individuals (â€Å"Gambling Affects Brain Like Drugs†). Gambling seriously captures the whole brain and has a strong negative impact on it. Ann Klinestivet from Milton, W. Va provides a vivid illustration of brain damage from slot machines (Lehrer). Having been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease; she was desperate to find something that might calm the tremors caused by the terrible disease. She found relief in slot machines, but from time to time she needed more doses to stay calm and that is when she became an addict. Parkinson’s disease is caused by decreased dopamine, but slots machines served as a medication for Klinestivet, imitating the effects of dopamine, as it plays a core role in brain pleasure. She had lost huge amount of money and it could not continue any longer, so she was forced to stop. Her tremors worsened, though her addiction to gambling vanished. One of the biggest problems of gambling is that it may start off as innocent competition, for example, two teens playing a computer game, and one saying that he can beat his rival several times in a row or something of the sort. This might end up with further intensive competition, or turn into some kind of situation where money or anything of value will be included. The game itself seems to be not illegal or really addictive, but that is the proposal of the teen what involves gambling. Typically, student gambling involves lotteries, card games, and slot machines. It is said among students that gambling has been popularized and glamourized by poker games. Poker games have huge increase on television shows and all over the world in the twenty-first century. It is one of not many games that involve the individual skills of playing along with cards dealt. Many young poker players that took place in the World Series of Poker with the help of luck won the biggest tournaments in their lifetime and that serves as a motivation for beginners who are just starting. Students tend to think that poker may change their lives, and make them popular, moreover, reduce the need to study. An example could be Joe Cada, who at age twenty one, which is considered to be a legal age in the United States for gambling, became a winner of the Main Event at a poker tournament and received more than eight million dollars. Adolescents gamble for fun; to socialize, to relax, and to have the adrenaline rush in their bodies from time to time. They also gamble to escape home and university problems, to alleviate feelings of loneliness, and disconnection. Addicted gamblers care about nothing, but the game and its winnings. They may not get enough sleep, miss out all the daily activities; their main goal is to be in the game and try to win as much as they can. Usually the result is against them, because when losing a small amount of money, they try to gain it back and start gambling for more and more. It comes to the point when they realize that no money is left and they have lost quite a fortune. The most dreadful nightmare begins after they borrow money and bury themselves in debts. The National Council on Problem Gambling has estimated that approximately 6% of college students have a serious gambling addiction. A little over 5% suffer from bankruptcy and debts caused by regular gambling. Since 1975, the proportion of adults â€Å"who never gambled† has dropped from 1 in 3 to 1 in 7 (â€Å"Gambling & Spending†). Students who became the victims of gambling and lose most of their savings or even their parents’ money have higher rates of depression and noticeable changes in their behavior; they become less willing to be involved in any activity and most of their thoughts are related to gambling. ABC News has recently published a story about one college student, Ryan. Every single day, not depending on the activities he was busy with, he returned home until midnight and gambled on online poker sites till five in the morning. He eventually stopped doing anything and gained over 40 pounds, moreover, he could lose as much as $25,000 in a single night. Ultimately, his parents found out that he stole money from their savings and lost most of it, they decided to pull him out of university and now he is left with a $10,000 debt. Nowadays, a major issue in gambling among students is that the dedication to gaming is so important; they simply start spending nights in casinos, or other places gambling, in the meantime, forgetting about their family and studying. The urge to gamble is so addictive, that it becomes the most important daily activity. For instance, I have conducted a survey among students in the University of New York in Prague, and five students out of twenty four who filled out the survey claimed that they gamble several times a week and it affects their academic success. Only four students stated that they had never gambled in their lives, and all of them were females. My personal opinion is that women are less reluctant to gambling in general; they simply do not develop strong passion towards gambling. The same students who claimed that their academic performance is influenced by gambling, also acknowledged that gambling alters their relationship with relatives and friends. Instead of spending time with people who are willing to help you any time you are in need of it, they preferred to waste time in vain. Most of students who gamble in order to gain some profit, do not realize that â€Å"the house always wins† (Ocean, 2001). The ones who do not stop gambling even when losing, wait for the sweet win; the feeling of victory is so satisfying that most young gamblers are willing to expect it for long. The survey reports that sixteen students, which is almost 70% of people surveyed, after a win have a strong desire to come back and win more. Analyzing results of my survey it is clearly indicates the support of world statistics, even though later after survey, students confessed in not truly answering some of the questions. Some students are ashamed of their gambling habit and that slightly influences the results. Many addicted students realize that gambling addiction will cause serious problems in future life and to prevent it, they seek different treatments in the early steps of addiction. As the gambler’s mind is open to absorption and imaginative involvement, it can effectively be treated by hypnosis. This kind of therapy is considered not only to treat gambling addiction, but also to end depression and relieve stress. Hypnosis therapy helps gamblers to diminish their urge to gamble, and as a result, the players can decrease their addiction. In addition, hypnosis therapy teaches and helps a person to change his opinion about gambling. While the person is changing his mind about gambling, therapists try to develop new behaviors in the patient. They try to help the person to organize his day and fulfill it with activities not related to gambling. If the person is married, therapists try to make that person more related to his family and spend the time with his children, if he has them. For those who gamble because of tedium, therapists try to find other ways or activities to make them interested. It may also happen that the patient changes his mind, but gambling thoughts will still exist at a rudimentary level. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for problem gambling is also considered as an option for quitting gambling. It aims to alter threatening of gambling behaviors and thoughts, such as rationalizations and false beliefs. It helps gamblers deal with uncomfortable situations rather than escape them through gambling. Main goal of the therapy is to change ones thoughts toward gambling and look at it in a new way. Ben’s story is presented for illustrative purposes. Ben as a child believed that number seven was his lucky number, and throughout his student years he became an addictive gambler. He would always bet on his favorite number when he had a chance. Loss of all his money did not stop him and it continued to worsen. Linette, Ben’s cognitive behavioral therapist, helped him realize that his thought of number seven being his lucky number is an error that have occurred in his brain since childhood (Hartney). The other way to help preventing problem gambling could be effective awareness events and programs on gambling. Such kind of events and programs engage university and college students in a humorous and informative way. Coordinators of these programs explain the real chances of winning and losing, introduce the symptoms of problem gambling and offer certain ways to keep gambling safer. One of my friends who was just staring to get involved in the world of gambling, realized that the further it goes, the stronger he suffers from gambling. He decided to visit several awareness events on gambling. Later he told me that the program itself is made in a way to distract students from heavy gambling and explain all the negative effects of it. The reason it works out for most of the students who attend events is because hosts of those events repeat terrible affects so many times that it stays in gamblers’ mind for long. For many years student gambling has been a major topic of discussion. Much research and surveys have been conducted to understand the main reasons for students gambling. Clinical counselors and specialists claim that there are some ways to gamble responsibly, such as setting a time and a budget limit, accepting losses as the cost of entertainment and never borrowing money to gamble (Wallisch). However, the practice shows that even if gambling is done responsibly and handled in a proper way it is still harmful fun. Regrettable consequences of gambling include money problems, neglect toward responsibilities and loved ones, physical and mental health problems and even suicide risk. Thus, universities should have the opportunity to educate students and their parents on the risks of gambling and create an environment where the association of problem gambling with financial and interpersonal problems is clearly understood.

Communication Crisis Essay

Communication and Crisis Many of us know about the devastating hurricane Katrina that took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2005, but how many of us actually thought about the communication issues. From the writing of James L Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin,† Hurricane Katrina was as much a communication disaster as it was a natural and bureaucratic disaster. Communication gaps, missed signals, information technology failures, administrative buï ¬â‚¬ering, turf battles, and deliberate and unintentional misinterpretations delayed and handicapped both the recognition of the crisis that Katrina posed and the response to its devastation.† If Americans actually stop and think about it, not only was the media trying to communicate with America on what was happening but also trying to get word out to the people which were affected. Advantages of the communication from the media to some extent helped to obtain as much information and photos to public to help everyone understand what was taken place. To the local community communication challenges took place because Mother Nature does not care about keeping today’s technology in working conditions. Once the power goes down what is the point of technology for citizens in the middle of the disaster area, they cannot receive information on where to go, if help is on the way. Because of Mother Nature’s way of approaching upon so many areas in the United States and around the world each community should start disaster programs to teach each person on survival, there are so many ways to communicate with community in learning techniques. Town meeting is one way to start, give demonstrations on how to take cover from Tornados, Fires and, of course Hurricanes. Most of us were taught in school the basic safety procedures during storms. Common knowledge during a tornado is to take cover in the lowest point of the home such as a basement or if no basement is accessible, then to remove yourself from any windows and doors because of the suction that comes with the storm. During fires go to the nearest exit and go as far away from the fire so no one gets burned or if fire does contact a person to stop drop and roll until the fire is out, in a hurricane tape up all windows in a x shape to keep the winds from scattering glass all over, if he or she lives near water, place sands bags along the shore line to help rising water. All these things can save lives but does everyone know what to do if there is no available hospital’s near because they too were caught in the damage. This is where local doctors, firefighters and police need to communicate their training with the public, as previously said by demonstrations, brochures, feeling the emotions of concerned population in their area. Offering radios that not only work by batteries but can wind up receiving power so the information can get to the area that has been affected. Education on how to make a reserve area in the home or even in a safe and secure place outside of the home of survival materi als such as water, food, clothing the essentials that humans need to live daily. Training on how to contact and find loved ones, and to cope with devastation. As individuals with training on survival we still depend on the doctors and nurses that are available to take charge and because of their years of training they will, but in an area were a natural disaster has taken place technology will not be able to help. All hospitals have back up power but even then that does not last. During hurricane Sandy the New York, NYU Langone Medical Center’s learned this lesson, after the emergency generators turned on within two hours 90 percent of the power was drained. ( Roney, Kathleen) This particular tragedy had the health care industry trying to come up with ways to save and recover data on each patient, and improve back up power to allow the hospitals and equipment to keep functioning. According to the article 4 Tips to Strengthen Hospital Data and Recovery Plans for Natural Disasters the four ideas they have come up with to help the Health Care are 1. Validate third-party data recovery services, 2. Backup data in a safe-place offsite, 3. If possible, prepare and practice with paper-based options, 4. Validate your backup power. ( Roney, Kathleen) In closing no matter how widely the information that comes from the media is right or wrong during a natural disaster, any information giving to the public is better than silence. Many may complain after all is said and done on how not all the information was correct but enough was, it helps the loved ones watching because that may be the only communication available. The more our community offers in knowledge through all stages of communication the better each and every one will be prepared. It is said to say but with all the modern day technology that we depend on it takes Americans to get shook up a little to see that even the new evolving world still needs solutions. References Garnett, J. L., & Kouzmin, A. (December,2007). Communicating throughout Katrina: Competing and Complementary Conceptual Lenses on Crisis Communication. Retrieved from http://www.glerl.noaa.gov Roney, K. (November 02,2012). 4 Tios to Strengthen Hospital Data Recovery Plans for Natural Disasters. Retrieved from http://www.beckerhospitalreview.com

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay

English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the 16th and 17th century, as settlers from Europe continued to flock to the New World, technologies were being introduced that affected English views of Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or more specifically, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Many countries wanted superiority in the Americas and to do that they needed more colonists and support from their homelands. To accomplish these goals different means were employed. For England, the New World settlements served a variety of purposes. To secure investors through stock purchases by showing them they would be well rewarded, attract new colonists, and to expand Protestantism in the New World to combat the Catholic movement in the Americas (text 38). Helping in these goals were new technologies that created some of the first propaganda. Many people in Europe feared the Native Americans, thinking of them as savage and uncivilized. Unrest and this fear among the people probably caused many to avoid even entertaining the thought of transplanting themselves and their family to an unknown continent. In 1588 Thomas Harriot published the first pamphlet about life in the New World. Describing great weather, fruitful land, and a wealth of goods these writings encouraged people to travel across the Atlantic. Along with him, painter John White, portrayed the Native Americans as a peaceful people that could easily coexist with Europeans. Taking liberties from these paintings, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate engravings of civilized Indians. These pictures and views of the Natives had a widespread appeal across England and alleviated fears of the New World which encouraged more settlers to take the voyage and more investors to purchase stock in colonizing companies. One of the biggest battles in the New World was between Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the envy of Europe. With a large navy they were one of the most powerful armies in the world, wealthy, and boasted many colonies in the New World. Several countries, especially England, looked upon Spain with disdain. England being a Protestant country and Spain Catholic did nothing but increase the tension. Public opinion was very important in this power struggle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casa’s â€Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (text 38-39)† which helped win supporters for the Protestant movement and England’s prerogative in the Americas. Originally this book was written in 1541 about Spanish mistreatment of the Indians. De Casa’s writing along with de Bry’s graphic illustrations horrified people of the torture and killing of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants saw the Catholics as agents of the devil who needed to be purged from society in the New World. Ironically this thinking was hypocritical as almost all countries, including England, mistreated the Native Americans throughout colonization and for centuries to come. Many travel accounts were written over the years that portrayed a frightening and exciting New World to the Europeans. While most of these accounts were written based on opinion and very little facts, they had an important place among society and were very powerful in swaying people’s opinions about Native Americans, the New World, and rival European nations. New technologies of publishing and illustrating at the time helped spread these documents ideas and opinions faster than ever and we saw for possibly the first time ever a propaganda war.

Why does Socrates, according to Plato's think that knowledge of the Essay

Why does Socrates, according to Plato's think that knowledge of the 'form of the good' is the higest sort of knowledge Is Socrates correct Defend your answer - Essay Example The Good in its entirety is beyond being and is the absolute measure by which justice can be measured. The philosopher notes that the Idea of the Good is knowledge’s ultimate object. True knowledge in his view is conversant and seeks to investigate the nature of more perfect and purer patterns after which all created beings are modeled (Santas 47). Socrates’ argument that knowledge of the form of the good is the highest sort of knowledge is relevant considering the notion that true knowledge seeks not imperfect intelligences. As such when one understands the form of the good, they are in a better position to explain why things happen as they do. Furthermore, it may be established that beauty, equality, justice and truth and other good things come from the Form of the

Prepare a strategic management report of approximately 3500 words, Essay

Prepare a strategic management report of approximately 3500 words, which evaluates the structure of an organisation and industry in Turkey.Assume that the audie - Essay Example To improve the overall business environment and effectiveness of the organisation, the response patterns and management approaches are identified. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey also known as TÃ ¼rkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez BankasÄ ± has its head office located in Ankara, Turkey and was established as a joint-stock company with the majority of shares belonging to the Treasury. The bank has 4770 employees and is the fundamental centralised bank of Turkey controlled by the government (TCMB history, 2005). The first major bank in Turkey was the Ottoman Bank that was jointly set up with French and British capital in 1856. The Ottoman bank became a state bank and achieved the monopoly of issuing bank notes. Although the Turkish Republic extended the period of privilege of the Ottoman Bank until 1935, a new plan to set up the central bank was under way by 1926. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was established by law 1715 which was enacted on June 11, 1930. The central bank had the privilege of issuing bank notes and this remained its monopoly for 30 years (TCMB, retrieved 2005). The privilege was further extended in 1955 and was extended indefinitely in 1994. The main aim of the bank was to support the economic development of the country so the bank was entrusted to the following duties and responsibilities. Several changes were made to the central bank law with the introduction of economic development plans for Turkey during the 1960s. The law 1211 restructured the responsibilities of the central bank and implemented the financial policies within the framework of developmental objectives of the country (TCMB, 2005). The organisation chart shows that the general assembly is subdivided into an auditing committee, the governor and the board. There are four vice governors who oversee the different departments of the banking divisions. Within each of these divisions there are management departments and

Financial and marketing analysis Research Paper

Financial and marketing analysis - Research Paper Example Apart from financial analysis, the study also highlights the information pertaining to different sections of the real estate market in Russia. It is worth mentioning that the whole study gives emphasis on JLL operating in Russia. In Russia, JLL plays an important role in drawing investment from real estate investors. It is one of the major places in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region, in which JLL has developed lucrative business. The company has offered huge space for office purposes and has covered 323,000 square meters of space. It has also delivered about 11 office buildings to Russians. There are three types of real estate investment in Russia: commercial, residential and industrial. All the three mentioned sectors are crucial for the company as it drives revenue. The company has encountered increasing revenue and profit trend over the years from 2004 to 2013. However, there were a series of challenges for the company, which made significant changes in its financials following changes in earning per share. The challenges were exchange rate volatility, slow down of the Russian economy and most importantly uncertainty in Ukraine, which affected the confidence of investors in real estate marke t. The investor confidence decreased with the decrease in investment patterns in the first two quarters of 2014. In February 2014, the armed forces of Russia began to take over Crimean Peninsula that is situated in Ukraine. Till date the conflict continued as a result there are huge changes in the financial markets in Russia. It caused turbulence in the financial markets and fell drastically due to instability. After the event the real estate market in Russia is also affected. However, after the financial shock in 2008 to 2009, the country’s real estate market was recovering excellently but the sudden conflict made the situation worse for the real estate companies in Russia (The Economic Newspaper Limited, 2014). The

Impact of information technology on a career Essay

Impact of information technology on a career - Essay Example At the same time, fundamental changes in lifestyle of people and nutrition have reflective an impact on the life length and quality of daily life. The expenses for healthcare are significant portion of domestic yields in developed nations. Increased life duration has provided much importance on preserving high quality healthcare services. Presently, the sophisticated medical technology has added to the increasing tendencies in healthcare expenditures of people. The progression in telecommunication and computer science has resulted in indispensable alteration in healthcare professions. IT has generated great prospects regarding increased cost-effectiveness and quality of services in healthcare. IT opens the door for assuring appropriate healthcare quality which can be acquired within reasonable price (Duplaga, â€Å"The Impact of Information Technology on Quality of Healthcare Services†). Thesis Statement In present days, enhanced healthcare services are a key concern for any p erson. The information about patient and security & competency in the procedure of healthcare is believed to be important aspects for people as they prefer those healthcare organizations which provide quality services. Thus, technological advancements have become a prerequisite for providing good healthcare services. IT in healthcare profession helps to improve the procedures such as patient identification, records management, prescription creation, pathology workroom administration, appointment planning, clinical case examination among other tasks. The paper attempts to recognize the impact of IT on healthcare profession and services. ... The paper attempts to recognize the impact of IT on healthcare profession and services. The objective of the paper is to understand the application of IT in several health facilities, know the significance of IT in providing better health services, recognize the implication of IT in healthcare facilities and realize the future of IT for enhancement of healthcare. Application of IT in Current Health Facilities Healthcare is always regarded as information based activity. From the perspective of business, healthcare professionals generally undertake two types of activities. The first one is medical procedures which are used for supporting patient analysis, treatment and disease prevention and the second one is procurement, communication and management of data. Thus, it is quite reasonable to assume that the changes in availability and ubiquity of information through IT have excessively large impact on healthcare professions. From the perspective of healthcare, information are those key facts and notes which are learnt through certain procedures such as analysis of statistical value of blood pressure or measurement of heartbeat. The information in healthcare helps to inform the consequence of certain examinations or activities such as analysis of hypertension or calculation of diabetes. Consecutively, information can be scientifically structured and examined to generate knowledge, which is the amassed understanding of real world matters and thoughts. In this context, it can be said that knowledge is the basis on which healthcare professionals develop their decisions regarding patients by comparing person based information. In healthcare industry, better management of

Market segmentation in the airline industry Essay

Market segmentation in the airline industry - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that success in marketing can be achieved by matching the organizational capabilities with the requirements of the marketplace. This matching is based on market segmentation. Market and their segments are clusters of potential customers. Market segmentation is a proactive process which involves the application of analytic techniques. Market segmentation has been defined as the process of dividing the total market into a number of smaller, more homogeneous submarkets, termed market segments. A heterogeneous group of customers is grouped into homogeneous groups or segments. Each of these segments requires a different marketing mix to service their needs. The concept of segmentation comes naturally to human beings. This categorization reduces uncertainty and simplifies procedures. This very principle, when applied to marketing, is known as market segmentation, which helps to unify groups of consumers. The market has to be first defined in term s of the product’s end users and their needs. It is then divided into various groups according to different characteristics. To reach the customers in the most effective way, market segmentation can be based on general variables like demographics, socio-economic, geographical, or psychographic. While demographics look at the general characteristics of the age, income, education, and occupation, psychographic variable delves deeper into people’s lifestyles and attitudes.

Personalised Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Personalised Learning - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalisation and the rapid changes and developments in the information and computer technology have created demands and challenges that necessitate the adoption of policies and programmes that will equip children with necessary learning and skills needed as they respond to the demands of the time. In this context, the government, through its various institutions, continue to come up with public policies aiming for the establishment and development strategies and course of action which are geared towards addressing these issues. DfES recognise the insufficiency and ill-adaption of traditional educational structure in addressing the changing demands of the global society. The ‘one-size fits all’ approach in education is no longer appropriate in responding to individual needs and society’s demands for knowledge. As such, through personalise learning, students become engaged and empowered as they take the path towards learning. While at the same, time their parents and the entire community become partners in the establishment of an education that recognises and is built on the individual gifts and prowess of children. In this regard, personalised learning is a learning system approach that caters to the personal and intellectual needs of the children and listens to their voices as it re-affirms the uniqueness of each child as they embark on learning. However, it has been observed that personalised learning is difficult to define (Pollard and James 2004). In fact, Beach and Dovemark (2009) in study have found out that there are teachers who find it difficult to distinguish between differentiation and personalised learning. They have also observed that there are teachers who are not familiar with personalised learning. In addition, it has been claimed that most discourses regarding personalised learning are drawn from â€Å"commentary rather than empirical research, highlighting that there are lim ited studies providing evaluative data on personalised learning† (Sebba et al., 2007, p. 8). In these circumstances, this research will undertake a conceptual analysis of personalised learning. This is done in order to arrive at a clearer understanding and perception of the concept, and at the same time, contribute to the endeavour of establishing more comprehensible parameters for personalised learning. Moreover, this research seeks to know how personalised learning has been concretely adopted in schools. Finally, this study aims to apprehend how personalised learning becomes the 21st century approach to learning. This study will address the following questions. (1) What is personalised learning? (2) How is personalised learning concretely adapted in school/classroom set-up? (3) How personalised learning becomes the ‘system of learning’ that can adequately respond to the challenges of 21st century global society? In order to answer these questions, a documentary analysis of secondary materials relevant to the subject matter of the research will be conducted. For the library research, the electronic databases Academic Source Complete, Jstor, Google Scholar, PsycheInfo, Business Source Complete, and ERIC were searched using a combination of the following key terms: education, personalised learning, 21st century, customised learning, individualised learning, differentiation, multiple intelligence, policies and globalisation. Articles written in English had been selected. Moreover, articles that provided a conceptual anal